C) POETRY
(From the Greet “poles – making or creating) is a form of art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in additional to in lie because of ostensible meaning.
Poetry may be written independently, as discrete poems, or may occur in conduction with other arts, as in poetic drama, hymns or lyrics.
Poetry and discussions of its have a long history early attempts to define poetry such as Aristotle’s poetics focused on the of speech in enter, dram, song and comedy. After attempt
concentrated on features such as repetition and rhyme and aesthetics which distinguish poetry has sometimes being more loosely defined as a fundamental creative act using language.
Poetry often uses particular forms and conversions to expand the utterly meaning of the words, or to evoke emotional or essential responses. Desires used to achieve musical or incantation
effects. Poets use of ambiguity, symbolism and other stylish elements of poetic diction after leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations similarly metaphor and simile create resonance
between otherwise. Paraclete images layering of meanings, forming connection previously not perceived kindred forms of resonance may exist between individual senses in their patterns of chime
or rhythm.
Some forms of poetry are specific to particular cultures and genres, responding to the characteristics of the language in which the poet writes while readers accustomed to identifying it’s as being written in rhyming lines and regular meter, there are traditions such as those of Dufu and Beowulf if that use other approaches to achieve rhythm and euphony, In today globalized world, poets often borrow styles, techniques and forms from diverse cultures and languages.
In addition to specific forms of poems, poetry is often thought of in terms of different genes and sub genres. A poetic gene is generally a tradition or classification of poetry based on the subject matter, style or other broader ternary characteristics. Some commentators’ views gore as natural forms of iterative others view the study of gene as the study of how difference works related and refer to other works.
The term poetry has been defined differently according to different perceptive of various scholars.
-Poetry is the writing that formulates a concentrated, imaginative awareness of experience chosen and arranged to create a specific emotional response through its meaning sound and rhythm. (wasters new international Dictionary G &C Merriam Co . 1961 3rd ed)
- Poetry is an imaginative work that normally presents experiences or ideas with special reference to emotions using language characterize by imaginary and rhythmical sound.
- Poetry is literary genre that is rich in figurative expression as well as musical features.
-Poetry is a literary gene in verse (line)form language more creatively and artistically than other literacy works.
-Poetry is a metrical compassion characterized by strong imagination, emotion, significant meaning and appropriate language.
FEATURES OF POETRY
Very economical in Language use i.e. poetry use few words to convey a lot of information.
Poetry consists of musical features such as rhyme and rhythm.
Poetry uses relatively more figures of speech than other genres of literature.
The basic unit composing a poem is line
Poetry rarely involves characters with names normally poems use the persona / speaker.
Poetry is arranged in lines and stanzas.
TERMS USED IN POETRY
Poetry has jargon's that identify it as something unique in itself. These terms / jargon's are common in poetry are called POETIC DICTION/ DEVICES
2. POETIC DEVICES
These are techniques or tools used in poetry which help improve the quality of poetry. Poetic method / devices can be number of things used in a poem, for instance language, imagery, assonance, alliteration, simile, metaphor, stanza, consonance, persona, allusion, refrain, Raychem, rhythm, tone, peptic license onomatopoeia.
1.PERSONA
This refers to person who speaks in the poem. Sometime a poet may use the pronoun “I” in his/her poem. This does not mean not mean that it is the poet who is speaking rather than the poet has put him / herself in someone’s shoes.
ALLITERATION:
Is the repletion of initial consonant sounds at the beginning of a consecutive word in a verse / line.
E.g.: But now I am cabined cribbed confide or
when I was one. Or
the babbling brook bubbled the furrow followed free.
CONSONANCE:
Is the repetition of similar consonant sounds at the end of a word in stressed syllable in a given verse.
E.g.: - Food is good not word
- Set your foot to fit here.
ASSONANCE:
Is the repetition of vowel sounds in neighboring word in a verse.
E.g.:- Jo ascended the throne and told the whole populace to throw a bone to Polonius the vole”
ELLIPSIS:
Is the intentionally omission of some words that the poet consider of less important to be used in his/her work. Normally functional words such as proposition, auxiliary verbs, conjunction and
determines are the one that fall victims of being omitted.
NB: The omitted words may be filled by the readers as they read
- ALLUSION: Is the use of well-known things as reference so as make readers understand the concept(s) due to the fact the reference used is well know
-STANZA: Is a group of lines that stands as paragraph. Stanzas are separated from each other by space.
-RHYME: Is the similarity of ending sounds exist between two words. Or is the similarity in sound at the end of consecutive lines or at the same interval in a stanza.
FUNCTIONS OF RHYME
The repetition of sounds at regular interrupts bring the reader a season’s gratification meaning it makes the reader enjoy that repetition.
The recurrence of the rhyme at regular intervals helps to establish the form of the stanza
The rhymes serve to unify and distinguish the divisions of the poem and therefore give a unity to one stanza while marking it off from the others as separate. From such divisions the rhyme creates a sense of movement to the poem as a whole
Types of Rhymes
The types of rhymes are classified according to two schemes;
The position of the rhymed syllables in the line
The number of syllables involved introducing the rhyme
The position of the rhymed syllables in the line
End Rhymes
These are most common rhymes and they occur at the end of the line
Internal Rhymes
Sometimes called leonine rhyme occurs at some place after the beginning but before the end of the line.
The Beginning Rhyme
This occurs in the first syllable or syllables of the line.
- PHYME SEHEME: The sequence in which the rhyme occurs for example:-
Like and learn to be hard working (a)
Like bees you should live (b)
You‘ll be like a king (a)
you‘ll know how to live (b)
Indeed, living is learning (a
Thus the rhyming scheme in this stanza is ab,ab, a
- RFFRAIN: Is a word or line that is repeated at the end of each stanza in a poem. It actually act as a chorus. This technique serves two great roles(i) emphatic role(ii)musical purposes
The Refrain
It is a line repeated at the end of each stanza example of poems with refrain
“The song of the low”
“A freedom song”
Function of Repetition in poetry
These two contribute to both musicality of the poem and the meanings of the poem
a). Sound repetition
b). Word repetition
These two contribute to both the musicality of the poem and the meanings of poem.
A good example is “western civilization a poem” a poem with a lot repeations.
The repetition in this poem shows the monotony of the work.
- VERSE: Is a unit a poem consisting of a line in a stanza. No stanza in the absence of verses.
- RHYTHM: Is a pattern of stress and pauses that link words in a unit. So rhythm is caused by the poem is either regular or irregular. When it is regular, stress occurs at similar internal and when it is irregular, trees does not occur at the same interval both stress and unstressed syllable form a foot. One foot begins where a stressed syllable begins.
- ONAMATOPOEIA: Is the use of words which imitate sound OR. The use of word that suggest meaning through the sounds of things or animals.
E.g.:- The use of tu-tu-tu-tu Which suggest the sound of the Gun?
- POETIC LICENSE: Is the right assumed by poets to alter or invert standard syntax or depart from common diction or pronunciation to comply with the metrical or tonal requirements of their
writing. OR The privilege that poets have to violate the rules of the grammar of the language he/she is using to compose his/her work.
It is an allowance or permission to the poet to play around with the rules of language in order to archived effect.
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